Digital identity for all?

The Nordic and Baltic societies have undergone a comprehensive digital transformation of the public sector in recent decades, with several public and financial services now requiring the use of electronic IDs (eID). This study aims to explore how eID is being rolled out in smaller societies and the barriers and solutions to doing so in an inclusive manner.

The research is based on extensive desk research and in-depth fieldwork conducted in the Faroe Islands, Greenland, and Åland in 2024. During the fieldwork in the three societies, 50 interviews were conducted with a range of stakeholders, including policymakers, NGOs, civil society representatives, banks, business representatives, and municipalities. 

The three case studies reflect distinct institutional and technological approaches: a tailored national solution in the Faroe Islands, a top-down implementation of the Danish eID system in Greenland, and a hybrid model relying on private bank-issued eIDs in Åland. Despite differences, common challenges emerged, particularly for older adults, people with disabilities, immigrants and those with limited digital access.

Key findings show the need to engage with local stakeholders and thoroughly understand the respective populations’ needs, concerns and digital capabilities. The report concludes with 12 policy takeaways, including the importance of maintaining analogue options, involving civil society, ensuring accessibility and language relevance, and clarifying institutional responsibilities. These insights offer practical guidance for policymakers working to implement inclusive eID systems in small, remote or otherwise digitally vulnerable contexts.